Why are women at a higher risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases?

It may seem surprising that a small difference in genetic code—two X chromosomes versus one X and one Y chromosome—can lead to significant differences in heart function. However, research shows that women have a much higher risk of dying after their first heart attack compared to men! Interestingly, women often experience symptoms of a heart attack that extend beyond chest pain, including nausea, jaw pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, and increased fatigue.

One of the most significant reasons women have a higher risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is biological factors. The cardiovascular system in women operates somewhat differently than in men, largely due to hormonal differences. For instance, high levels of the female sex hormone—estrogen—help protect arteries from plaque formation, keeping blood vessels toned and participating in cholesterol metabolism. However, this is true only up to a certain age.

Additionally, the size of the organ itself is smaller in women than in men, resulting in a lower heart rate and thinner vessel walls. Consequently, women's blood pressure tends to be lower, which also reduces the potential risk of developing CVD at a younger age.

However, with the onset of menopause, the situation changes. Estrogen levels drop sharply, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Research indicates that postmenopausal women are at risk for cardiovascular diseases to the same extent as men of their age.

In reality, research on this topic is limited. Because women rarely face heart diseases, their progression and treatment methods are less studied. Moreover, scientists assert that during the early stages of a heart attack, the levels of markers in the blood indicating heart damage are lower in women than in men. For this reason, they are more frequently misdiagnosed with ischemic heart disease.

Nevertheless, it is known that women’s cardiovascular problems are often characterized by excessive narrowing of the vessels rather than blockage, as seen in men. The heart's demand for oxygen increases, but blood flow cannot be enhanced, leading to severe chest pain. There are not many treatment options for vessel narrowing, unlike thrombosis, which places women at a disadvantage.

It is crucial for women to be aware of their risk and take proactive measures to reduce it, including regular medical check-ups, proper nutrition, physical activity, and stress management. The primary objective for healthcare professionals at this point is to conduct as much research as possible on the progression of CVD in women, as well as to develop and test individualized treatment approaches for each patient.